The clearest direct evidence comes from a double-blind, crossover study in 16 healthy adults who received GHB alone, alcohol alone, both together, or a placebo
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The total human evidence base, as of this writing, consists of the following: 1) a Phase I safety trial of 42 healthy volunteers that was registered in 2015, canceled in 2016, and never published, 2) a retrospective case series of 12 patients with knee pain, no control group, and no validated outcome measure, and 3) a 2025 pilot safety study involving two healthy adults who received intravenous infusions at a single private clinic in Florida
revealed that mTORC1 enhanced ferroptosis resistance by upregulating sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) 17